pneumatophores: aerating roots, specialized roots for gas exchange (respiration) in oxygen limiting soils

Photos of Avicenna marina subs. marina pneumatophores.  view more photos of the mangrove tree Avicenna at: Flora/Fauna Guam

Frederick, Alyssa. Mangroves as Indicators of Nutrient Pollution in Guam. view this paper

Mangrove habitats.  explore more at: Mangroves

Mangrove root types. more mangrove roots at: UCLA botany

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